Happy Birthday America & Fort Story!

By Jerome Kirkland 

Hampton Roads Naval Museum Educator


This 1940 aerial photograph shows both Cape Henry Lighthouses and surrounding buildings at Fort Story in Virginia Beach. (Virginian-Pilot Photograph Collection/ Sargeant Memorial Collection) 

This July, Fort Story will be celebrating a century in operation. An official observance of this milestone will be held on Independence Day, capped by a performance by Gary Sinise and the Lt. Dan Band at the historic Cape Henry Lighthouse.

Map source: "Plan for Entrance to Chesapeake Bay, VA," Report of Completed Works-- U.S. Corps of Engineers. (October 1934, Textural Records Collection, National Archives and Records Administration) 

If you are wondering why a Navy Museum blog post would be about a celebration at an Army base, there are a number of reasons. The first reason is that Fort Story is no longer strictly an Army base.  Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek and the Army’s Fort Story combined into Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek-Fort Story in 2009 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program, becoming the first joint base in Hampton Roads. But the connection goes much deeper, especially if you look at the WWII period.
Both before and during the Second World War, Fort Story was in the perfect location for testing and training Sailors on new types of landing craft, having shoreline on both the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.

An LST photographed during training exercises at Naval Amphibious Base

 Little Creek in 1943.

In a previous blog post we talked about the Higgins Boats such as the Landing Craft Vehicle, Personnel (LCVP), and the Landing Craft, Mechanized (LCM) that were tested at Fort Story. This was followed with training soldiers how to embark and debark from these boats. Next came the Landing Craft, Infantry (LCI), capable of delivering 250 combat ready troops directly to the shore, and the more famous Landing Ship Tank (LST) which could carry 20 or more tanks (depending on size) along with over 200 troops.

Fort Story also had a connection with the Navy by way of the US Army Coastal Defense Corps.

Before America entered World War II, the US Army Mine Planting Service, part of the Coastal Defense Corps, built a mine tending ship dock and mine storage facilities next to the Little Creek Coast Guard station, with their headquarters on Fort Story. These mine planting facilities where there before construction on the Little Creek Naval Base began and would later become part of the base, after the Coastal Defense Corps was disbanded.

Another connection between Fort Story and the Navy can be traced to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. This treaty limited the number of battleships the Navy could have. This created a problem, because the Navy already had 16-inch guns meant for the next battleships. These guns were put in storage until the Iowa-class battleships were designed in 1938. The battleship Wisconsin was one of the four Iowa-class ships. Due to design differences, they found the 1920s 16-inch guns would not work on the Iowa-class battleships.  So, what to do with these guns?  Enter Fort Story.


Two of the guns were installed at Fort Story and two were installed on Fort Custis, at Cape Charles.  These guns helped extend the range for the coastal defense of the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, which is vital for American sea power.

The Army and Navy in Hampton Roads may have not always gotten along perfectly, but the outstanding training areas of Fort Story have helped make them an unbeatable team when called upon to defend our nation.  So as we observe the 240th birthday or our nation, we at the Hampton Roads Naval Museum would also like to wish Fort Story a Happy 100th Birthday.

June 1941: The first Higgins Boats Arrive in Hampton Roads

By Jerome Kirkland 

Hampton Roads Naval Museum Educator

On June 4, 1943, 381st Port Battalion Company "C" Scouts practice disembarking from a Landing Craft, Mechanized (LCM) in Newport News, Virginia. (Army Signal Corps Photograph/ Library of Virginia) 

Many people would recognize a “Higgins Boat” if they saw one in a movie like “Saving Private Ryan”, “Sands of Iwo Jima”, or any other number of movies with amphibious landing craft “hitting” the beach during the Second World War. Few, however, may realize the battle the boat’s creator, Andrew Jackson Higgins, had to fight to get these indispensable boats accepted by the US Navy. Fewer still would realize that by September 1943, over 90% of the vessels in the US Navy would have been designed by Higgins. Nearly two decades later, none other than the former Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, Dwight D. Eisenhower, would recall that Higgins was “…the man who won the war for us.”

Andrew J. Higgins (Wikimedia Commons)

In the years between World War I and World War II, Higgins developed a boat for shallow water use in the bayous and swamps around New Orleans and the Gulf Coast. During this same time, the United States Marines were looking for boats that would help them carry out the new amphibious assault techniques they were developing. When these two got together, the battles between Higgins and the Navy, the beginnings of a specialized amphibious Navy, and the birth of an iconic piece of WWII military equipment would all get their start.

In 1938, as war was breaking out in Europe, the US Marine Corps requested that Higgins send a 30-foot long version of his “Eureka” boat to Norfolk for testing on Willoughby Spit and Virginia Beach against other boats built by Chris Craft and the US Navy’s Bureau of Construction and Repair (Navy Bureau). The 30-foot length was a requirement of the Navy to fit current davits on ships for launching boats. Higgins’ boat performed well enough for the Navy to award a small order, along with Bureau versions, for further testing.

This set the stage for Higgins' first battle with the Navy. Higgins felt a 36-foot-long boat would perform and meet the services’ needs better than a 30-foot version, so in September of 1940 he built and shipped a 36-foot version of his boat, at his own cost, to Norfolk for the final round of testing. Higgins argued that the Navy should change the davits on its ships in order to get the best boat for the job, rather than accept an inferior boat. With the support of the Marine Corps, the Navy accepted Higgins’ 36-foot boat for testing. By the end of testing, the Higgins boat outperformed all the others and exceeded all requirements. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) report to the Secretary of the Navy listed Higgins' design as the best option, followed by the Chris Craft design. The Bureau’s own design finished last, yet days after the report’s release, the Bureau ordered its own version to be built.

An LCP(L), originally invented by Higgins and designed by the Eureka Tug-Boat Company of New Orleans, is used to land Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign (Wikipedia)

After protests from Higgins, the Marine Corps, and the US Army, the Navy finally placed their first order for Higgins’ 36-foot Eureka boat, to be called the Landing Craft Personnel, Large or LCP(L) in November of 1940. During the testing and development of the LCP(L), and the 30-foot "medium" Navy version called the LCP(M), a major drawback of the latter design became obvious: Troops and cargo had to be unloaded over the side of the boat. Modifications were made to the LCP, putting a narrow ramp between the two forward machine gun mounts, making it an LCP(R) for “ramped.” This design created a bottleneck at the bow of the boat while unloading. Higgins felt he could do better, and this would set the stage for his next battle with the Navy.

A Higgins PT boat. 

In November of 1940, with an order for LCP(L)s in hand, the Navy arrived in New Orleans to witness testing on Higgins’ Torpedo Patrol Boat design, PT-6 (prime). Higgins took the opportunity to demonstrate a new 36-foot landing craft equipped with a full-width ramp at the bow. Over the next several months, amidst complaints of unfair testing, Higgins finally won a contract for his PT boat and by the end of the war, he had built around 200 PT boats of different variations. During this time, between November 1940 and May 1941, Higgins also fought to have his wide-ramped 36-foot landing boat evaluated. By late May 1941, Higgins finally got his test on Lake Pontchartrain. With enthusiastic support from the Marines and the Army, Higgins got an order to produce the first 26 boats to be delivered to Norfolk, Virginia, by June 15. This is the iconic landing boat of the movies, called the Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP), or more commonly, a “Higgins Boat.”

A Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP) belonging to the attack transport USS Darke (APA-159) off the coast of Okinawa in April 1945. (Wikipedia)  

During these battles between Higgins and the Navy over his PT boat and LCVP, the Navy was also seeking a landing barge, called a tank lighter, that could deliver a tank or artillery piece ashore. So on the same day in late May that Higgins received an order to build the first batch of LCVPs, he also received an order to deliver a set of plans for a tank lighter. This would set the stage for the biggest battle between Higgins and the Navy.

Higgins told the Navy that he would not only deliver plans for the tank lighter, but he would also deliver a completed boat. Despite claims it could not be done, Higgins took a partially completed tow and barge tender and converted it into a 45-foot tank lighter. Designing it as he built it, Higgins completed his boat in only 61 hours and tested it in front of the Navy on Lake Pontchartrain by the end of May. The design was good enough for the Navy to order six of them for testing.

Between May 1941 and May 1942, testing between tank lighters by Higgins, the Navy Bureau and others consistently showed Higgins' tank lighter to be the best, yet the Navy Bureau consistently ordered their own design to be built. This would eventually lead to Senator Harry Truman, Chairman of the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, intervening and ordering a head-to-head test between boats. Starting in Norfolk, going to Little Creek to test bay and inland waters, then out to Fort Story to test ocean waters, the Higgins boat not only completed the testing course but rescued the Bureau’s boat when it foundered and nearly capsized. This was the birth of the Landing Craft Mechanized, or LCM.

LCVPs await completion and delivery at Higgins' shipyard near New Orleans. (Library of Congress)

Higgins won this battle, yet when President Roosevelt called for 600 more LCMs to be delivered by September 1, 1942, in preparation for the landings in North Africa, the Navy Bureau took advantage of this. They increased the order to 1100 so that they could have their own design built. It took protests from the Army and Marines to have Higgins’ design built before the Navy Bureau relented.

After May of 1942, Higgins was on much better terms with the Navy, designing and producing boats such as the LCP, LCVP, LCM, PT boats and others. By September 1943, of the 14,072 vessels listed in Navy rolls, 12,964 of them, or 92 percent, were designed by Higgins. It was Higgins’ innovative designs and determination to produce the best boats possible that led to his boats becoming icons of WWII equipment. Far from being a profiteer, however, Higgins often put up his own money and even renegotiated contracts with the Navy for less money, even after they were awarded, when he found ways to reduce costs.

On a Landing Ship, Tank (LST) somewhere off the coast of Sicily in July 1943, soldiers of the 45th Infantry Division get one last hour of rest before making a landing as LCVPs loom in their davits overhead. (Library of Congress)

Higgins’ determination, quality of his boats, and the shear number produced, is probably what led Adolf Hitler to refer to Higgins as the “new Noah” in an interview in the Nazi propaganda newspaper Voelkischer Beobachter. These qualities are probably what led Former President Eisenhower, in 1964, to say of Higgins “…he is the man who won the war for us.” “If Andy Higgins had not developed and then built those landing craft," Eisenhower continued, "we never could have gone in over an open beach. It would have changed the whole strategy of the war.”