USS Langley (CV 1): The Finale (Part 3)

Sailors watch from USS Whipple as Langley is scuttled. (Naval History and Heritage Command)

By Thomas Grubbs

Contributing Writer

 Editor's Note: This is part 3 of the USS Langley series. Click the links to read Part 1 and part 2.

On February 26, 1937, USS Langley, now designated as AG 3, reentered active duty as a member of the Aircraft Scouting Force. It operated out of various West Coast ports and Pearl Harbor before making a brief detour to the Atlantic between February and July 1939. It was then deployed to the Asiatic Fleet some ten weeks later. War would find Langley at Cavite, Philippines.

After the Pearl Harbor attack, Langley fled south, first to Balikpapan in what is now Indonesia and eventually to Darwin, Northern Australia, by early January 1942 where it joined ADBACOM (Australian Dutch British American Command). It would spend the next month assisting the Royal Australian Air Force in anti-submarine patrols off Darwin. On February 22, 1942, Langley would leave on its date with destiny.

Curtiss P-40Es in flight (Wikipedia)

The seaplane tender embarked 32 P-40 Warhawk fighters of the 13^th Pursuit Squadron (Provisional) in Fremantle, Australia, as part of Convoy MS5 bound for Columbo in what is now Sri Lanka. Alongside three further transports and the cargo ship Sea Witch and escorted by the light cruiser USS Phoenix, the convoy was to deliver its war materiel to British forces in India. However, ABDACOM ordered both Langley and Sea Witch to deliver their combined cargo of 59 P-40s to Tjilatjap on the island of Java in a desperate attempt to stem the Japanese tide. Langley would not succeed.

On the morning of February 27, 1942, the tiny convoy, now escorted by destroyers Edsall and Whipple, was spotted by a Japanese reconnaissance plane. In response, 16 G4M Betty bombers attacked from Denpasar airfield, Bali. With the convoy lacking air cover, the Japanese commander, LT Jiro Adachi, ordered a rather leisurely attack on the American ships with Langley drawing the lion’s share of the attention. Apparently enraged at this lack of respect, the tender fought back with a fury worthy of a far larger warship. Coupled with exceptional ship handling, Langley was able to evade the first two attack runs. But the third pass would prove fatal, with five hits and three near misses from 550-lb and 130-lb bombs killing 16 sailors, starting fires, crippling the ship, and inducing a 10-degree list to port. The crippled vessel was abandoned at 1:32 P.M. and scuttled by the escorting destroyers to prevent its capture. 

A torpedo from the destroyer USS Whipple (DD 217) strikes home as the seaplane tender USS Langley is scuttled after being disabled by Japanese bombers on February 27, 1942. (Naval History and Heritage Command)

Of the 485 men rescued, most would be lost when the ship carrying them, oiler USS Pecos, was sunk by the Japanese on March 1 south of Java. Thirty-one more would be lost when the destroyer Edsall was sunk in an epic showdown with two Japanese battleships Kirishima and Hiei that same day, while they were responding the oiler’s distress calls. Thus ended the story of the US Navy’s first aircraft carrier. The valiant sacrifices of ABDACOM bought the time necessary for the United States to prepare a counterpunch against the Japanese, but that is a story for another time.

Seventy-Five Years Ago: A Lesser Known Wreck on the Java Coast--USS Langley

By Elijah Palmer

Hampton Roads Naval Museum Educator

A torpedo from the destroyer USS Whipple (DD-217) strikes home as the seaplane tender USS Langley (AV-3) is scuttled after being disabled by Japanese bombers on February 27, 1942. (Naval History and Heritage Command, NH 92476)

While much attention has been rightfully given to USS Houston (CA-30), the "Galloping Ghost of the Java Coast," after the discovery of her wreck in 2014, there are several other World War II wrecks along the Java Coast. One of these is the USS Langley (ASV-3), once famed for being the first American aircraft carrier.

The former fuel ship USS Jupiter (AC-3) undergoes conversion into the US Navy's first aircraft carrier, USS Langley (CV-1) at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in 1921.  While attempting to ferry fighter aircraft and their pilots from Australia to the island of Java, Langley, by then a seaplane tender, was lost after a Japanese aerial attack on February 27, 1942.  (Hampton Roads Naval Museum file)

Japanese GM4 "Betty" bomber.

Just before noon on February 27, 1942, Commander Robert McConnell watched as Japanese GM4 "Betty" bombers began their attack on his ship, USS Langley. Anticipating the bombers' aim, McConnell ordered the seaplane tender back and forth, successfully dodging the first two attacks. Yet the ship's luck would not hold for long.

USS Langley transits the Panama Canal in 1924 on her way to the Pacific Ocean.  As USS Jupiter a decade before, she had made history, transiting in the other direction, as the first US Navy ship to use the canal.  (Hampton Roads Naval Museum file)

USS Langley's insignia (Wikimedia Commons)

Langley started life as the collier USS Jupiter (AC-3), serving the fleet through World War I. With the Navy shifting to using oil for fuel, and the value of military aviation shown during the war, Jupiter was slated for a new role. In 1920 the ship was ordered to the Norfolk Navy Yard and was converted into the first American aircraft carrier, being renamed USS Langley (CV-1) in 1922. The ship was the only carrier in the fleet until USS Lexington (CV-2) was commissioned in 1927.

USS Langley in 1928.

By 1937, with new and improved carriers in the fleet, Langley was converted into a seaplane tender and reclassified as ASV-3. The conversion changed the ship's appearance dramatically as half of the flight deck was removed. Cranes were used to transfer seaplanes from the water to the deck. Seaplanes were used for both long range reconnaissance and for search and rescue missions, and thus were especially useful in the Pacific.

Langley after conversion to seaplane tender.

After Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1941, the United States joined the war in the Pacific. The early months of 1942 were a tumultuous time, with the Allies struggling to check any advances of the Imperial Japanese forces. By early February, Singapore fell in a disastrous defeat for the British, and American forces were fighting desperately on the Bataan peninsula in the Philippines. USS Langley was ordered to transport over thirty critically needed P-40 "Warhawk" fighter planes from Australia to the Dutch East Indies (what is now Indonesia). On February 27, the ship met its destroyer escorts, USS Whipple (DD-217) and USS Edsall (DD-219), south of the island of Java. A few hours later, the ships were under attack by Japanese air units.

While the destroyers, with their higher speed, could largely evade the mid-altitude bombers, Langley was never meant for high speed maneuvers. Besides this, the extra weight topside from the stowed fighters bogged down the ship. Once the bombers missed the seaplane tender during the first two passes, they changed tactics and bracketed the ship with bombs, so that there was nowhere to turn. Langley was hit with five bombs, severely damaging the ship, while killing 16 and wounding countless others. About two hours after the attack commenced, Commander McConnell gave the order to abandon ship. The destroyers picked up the survivors, and scuttled the marred ship with torpedoes and shellfire.

Sailors watch from Whipple as Langley is scuttled. (Naval History and Heritage Command, NH 92475)

A Memphis, Tennessee newspaper's headline about the Langley, Pecos, and other ships. Note that this reporting was over a month after these ships had been sunk. 

Many survivors were soon after transferred to the USS Pecos (AO-6), which unfortunately was sunk a few days later with two thirds of those on board perishing. Edsall also went down soon after in a lopsided battle against heavy Japanese forces. During this stage of the war, many ships of the Asiatic fleet were turned into "ghosts" as the Japanese held a heavy advantage. USS Langley was an unfortunate victim of this situation, but her sister ships would exact their revenge later in 1942.